[摘要] 艾滋病(AIDS)患者常以慢性腹泻为突出临床表现。AIDS腹泻的病因除合并肠道机会性感染、合并肠道肿瘤外,还包括人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)直接损伤引起的HIV肠病或称特发性艾滋病肠病。临床中因患者隐瞒病史、内镜下肠道表现缺乏特异性征象,艾滋病肠病易误诊为炎症性肠病(IBD)。而HIV感染与IBD均为免疫功能障碍,在IBD合并HIV感染时,二者之间也存在着密切关系。本文对艾滋病肠病的临床特点、IBD的鉴别诊断、HIV感染与IBD的作用关系等予以综述。
[关键词] 艾滋病肠病;HIV肠病;炎症性肠病;人类免疫缺陷病毒;艾滋病
[中图分类号] R512.91 [文献标识码] A [文章编号] 1673-7210(2019)10(b)-0041-04
Research progress on the differential diagnosis and functional relationship between AIDS enteropathy and inflammatory bowel disease
LIU Huanyu RAN Yan MI Chen LI Yingchao
Department of Gastroenterology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi′an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi Province, Xi′an 710061, China
[Abstract] Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients often chronic diarrhea as a prominent clinical manifestations. The etiology of AIDS diarrhea in addition to the combination of intestinal opportunistic infection, combined with intestinal tumor, also includes human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) direct injury caused by HIV enteropathy or idiopathic AIDS enteropathy. In clinical practice, AIDS enteropathy is easy to be misdiagnosed as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) due to patients′ concealed medical history and lack of specific signs of intestinal manifestations under endoscope. However, both HIV infection and IBD are immunologic inadequacy, and there is a close correlation between IBD and HIV infection. This paper reviews the clinical features of AIDS enteropathy, the differential diagnosis of IBD, and the relationship between HIV infection and IBD.
[Key words] AIDS enteropathy; HIV enteropathy; Inflammatory bowel disease; Human immunodeficiency virus; Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
艾滋病(acquired immune deficiency syndrome,AIDS)是人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)感染引起的严重威胁人类健康的重大疾病之一。HIV阳性患者,消化道症状表现突出。对综合医院统计数据进行分析发现,消化科确诊为AIDS的患者占全院比例的10.6%~16.4%,仅次于感染科或呼吸科。临床中艾滋病肠病最易被误诊为炎症性肠病(inflammatory bowel disease,IBD),而HIV感染对IBD患者的治疗方法选择和病情演变都会产生重要影响。因此,准确鉴别艾滋病肠病与IBD,加深理解HIV感染与IBD之间复杂的相互影响,对提高这两种肠病的诊治水平都具有重要意义。
1 艾滋病肠病
由于消化道与外部环境的直接接触以及黏膜免疫系统在预防感染中的重要性,胃肠道成为HIV感染过程中易受侵犯的器官之一,近乎100%的AIDS患者在整个病程中均出现消化道症状,其中以腹泻最为常见。艾滋病肠病一词最早出现于1984年[1],是指HIV感染者肠道结构和功能的改变,但艾滋病肠病的定义一直存在争议[2]。AIDS患者腹泻的主要原因包括三大类:AIDS合并肠道机会性感染、合并肠道肿瘤以及由HIV直接损伤引起的HIV肠病,也称为特发性艾滋病肠病[3]。AIDS患者中抗逆转录病毒治療相关腹泻的发生率增加,机会性感染的发生率降低,这种病因的转变与高效抗逆转录病毒疗法的使用有关[4]。
1.1 AIDS合并肠道机会性感染
肠道机会性感染包括病毒、细菌、真菌、寄生虫感染等,最常见的病原体包括隐孢子虫、微孢子虫、巨细胞病毒(CMV)和鸟分枝杆菌等,高达83%有慢性腹泻的AIDS患者至少存在一种病原体感染[5]。内镜下肠道黏膜活检病理检查是明确肠道机会性感染病原体的重要手段,粪便检查和内镜活检联合使用可提高病原体的检出率。